ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To quantitatively analyze the temporal and spatial pattern of RhoA expression in injured spinal cord of adult mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A spinal cord transection model was established in adult mice. At 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days after the surgery, the spinal cords were dissected and cryosectioned for RhoA/NF200, RhoA/GFAP, RhoA/CNPase or RhoA/IBA1 double fluorescent immunohistochemistry to visualize RhoA expressions in the neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. The percentages as well as the immunostaining intensities of RhoA-positive cells in the parenchymal cells were quantitatively analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>RhoA was weakly expressed in a few neurons and oligodendrocytes in normal spinal cord. After spinal cord injury, the percentage of RhoA-positive cells and RhoA expression intensity in the spinal cord increased and peaked at 7 days post injury (dpi) in neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, followed by a gradual decrease till reaching a low level at 112 dpi. In the microglia, both the RhoA-positive cells and RhoA expression intensity reached the maximum at 14 dpi and maintained a high level till 112 dpi.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Traumatic spinal cord injury can upregulate RhoA expression in the neurons as well as all the glial cells in the spinal cord. RhoA expression patterns vary with post-injury time, location and among different parenchymal cells in the injured spinal cord.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Astrocytes , Metabolism , Mice, Inbred Strains , Microglia , Metabolism , Neuroglia , Metabolism , Neurons , Metabolism , Spinal Cord , Metabolism , Spinal Cord Injuries , Metabolism , rho GTP-Binding Proteins , MetabolismABSTRACT
This paper presents a novel algorithm of fault location for transmission line. Solving the network spectrum equations for different frequencies the fault can be located accurately by this algorithm with one terminal data of voltage and current, and the identified parameters, such as fault distance, fault resistance, and opposite terminal system resistance and inductance. The algorithm eliminates the influence of the opposite system impedance on the fault location accuracy, which causes the main error in traditional fault location methods using one terminal data. A method of calculating spectrum from sampled data is also proposed. EMTP simulations show the validity and higher accuracy of the fault location algorithm compared to the existing ones based on one terminal data.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a novel algorithm of fault location for transmission line. Solving the network spectrum equations for different frequencies the fault can be located accurately by this algorithm with one terminal data of voltage and current, and the identified parameters, such as fault distance, fault resistance, and opposite terminal system resistance and inductance. The algorithm eliminates the influence of the opposite system impedance on the fault location accuracy, which causes the main error in traditional fault location methods using one terminal data. A method of calculating spectrum from sampled data is also proposed. EMTP simulations show the validity and higher accuracy of the fault location algorithm compared to the existing ones based on one terminal data.